Diagnóstico funcional de cuerpos lóticos y lénticos usando el Índice de Valoración Trófica-Ecológica (IVT-Ecológica): caso río Orinoco y laguna de Castillero, Venezuela
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https://doi.org/10.53554/boletin.v40i2.444Palabras clave:
Agua y sedimento, eutrofización, fósforo, índice ecológico, sistemas acuáticos tropicalesResumen
Los ecosistemas acuáticos continentales, lénticos y lóticos, son componentes esenciales de la biosfera porque generan bienes y servicios ecosistémicos que respaldan la vida humana y la biodiversidad. Los índices de calidad de agua y de estado trófico se han vuelto instrumentos fundamentales para diagnosticar y transmitir la situación ecológica en estos ecosistemas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la funcionalidad del río Orinoco y la laguna de Castillero, identificando los procesos internos de liberación y retención de fósforo en los sedimentos usando el índice valoración trófica-ecológica (IVT-Ecológica). Este índice se creó considerando la interrelación entre elementos fisicoquímicos y geoquímicos (pelágicos y bentónicos), incluyendo algunas variables que promueven la liberación del fósforo, así como las que actúan como estabilizadores o amortiguadores del sistema (PBD, P-O, P-Ad+Fe; PO₄³⁻, NOₓ, O2, SS; pH, CaCO₃). Los resultados fueron comparados mediante análisis multivariado (MDS, ANOSIM y SIMPER). Para el río Orinoco se observó un valor bajo de IVT-Ecológica (0,04 ± 0,02), lo que permite clasificarlo como un sistema estable y exportador; mientras que la laguna, con un valor de 3,77 ± 1,30, actúa como un sistema de retención y reciclaje interno de fósforo, como resultado de la acumulación de P-lábil. No se detectaron impactos antropogénicos. Estos resultados confirman que el IVT-Ecológica es un indicador fiable para identificar vulnerabilidades tróficas con una buena sensibilidad; por lo tanto, se aconseja usarlo en programas de monitoreo, identificación de procesos de eutrofización, estudios comparativos y en la administración de ecosistemas tropicales.
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